ABSTRACT
The prognostic significance of initial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level for metastatic prostate cancer remains uncertain. We investigated the differences in prognosis and response to hormonal therapies of metastatic prostate cancer patients according to initial PSA levels. We analyzed 184 patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer and divided them into three PSA level groups as follows: low (<100 ng ml-1), intermediate (100-999 ng ml-1), and high (≥1000 ng ml-1). All patients received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) immediately. We investigated PSA progression-free survival (PFS) for first-line ADT and overall survival (OS) within each of the three groups. Furthermore, we analyzed response to antiandrogen withdrawal (AW) and alternative antiandrogen (AA) therapies after development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). No significant differences in OS were observed among the three groups (P = 0.654). Patients with high PSA levels had significantly short PFS for first-line ADT (P = 0.037). Conversely, patients in the high PSA level group had significantly longer PFS when treated with AW than those in the low PSA level group (P = 0.047). Furthermore, patients with high PSA levels had significantly longer PFS when provided with AA therapy (P = 0.049). PSA responders to AW and AA therapies had significantly longer survival after CRPC development than nonresponders (P = 0.011 and P < 0.001, respectively). Thus, extremely high PSA level predicted favorable response to vintage sequential ADT and AW. The current data suggest a novel aspect of extremely high PSA value as a favorable prognostic marker after development of CRPC.
ABSTRACT
Como en el varón, el tratamiento tópico de alopecia de patrón femenino (AF) es con minoxidil al 3 por ciento - 5 por ciento dos veces al día. También puede usarse el minoxidil combinado con α-tocoferol o con otros tratamientos tópicos que elevan localmente el factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial. Comentamos nuestra experiencia con esta asociación. Los efectos secundarios más frecuentes en mujeres son la dermatitis de contacto y la hipertricosis de cara y antebrazos. Cuando la alopecia femenina se asocia a elevados niveles de andrógenos hay que utilizar terapéutica antiandrogénica. El síndrome de persistencia de la adrenarquía (SAHA suprarrenal) y alopecia en hiperandrogenismo suprarrenal deben tratarse con supresión suprarrenal y antiandrógenos. La supresión suprarrenal la efectuamos con glucocorticoides como dexametasona, prednisona o deflazacort. La terapia antiandrogénica incluye acetato de ciproterona, drospirenona, espironolactona, flutamida y finasterida. El síndrome por exceso de eliminación de andrógenos ováricos (SAHA ovárico) y alopecia del hiperandrogenismo ovárico pueden tratarse con supresión ovárica y andriandrógenos. La supresión ovárica incluye el uso de anticonceptivos que contengan un estrógeno, etinilestradiol, y un progestágeno. El antiandrógeno acetato de ciproterona, siempre acompañado de un anticonceptivo tricíclico, es la mejor terapéutica de la alopecia femenina. Los antagonistas de las hormonas liberadoras de gonadotropinas (GnRH) como el acetato de leuprolida suprimen la función hipofisaria y gonadal mediante la reducción de los niveles de LH y FSH, y como consecuencia se reducen los niveles de esteroides ováricos, especialmente en el síndrome de los ovarios poliquísticos. El SAHA hiperprolactinémico y alopecia del hiperandrogenismo de procedencia hipofisaria deben tratarse con bromocriptina o cabergolina. Las mujeres con alopecia posmenopáusica y altos niveles séricos de andrógenos en la premenopausia...
Topical treatment of female patgten hair loss (FPHL) is with minoxidil 3 percent-5 percent twice daily. Combination of minoxidil with α-tocopherol or with other topical treatment with possibility to enhance VEGF can be used. Our experience with this association is commented. Side effect of minoxidil is contact dermatitis and hipertricosis on face and forearm. When FPHL is associated with high levels of androgens systemic antiandrogenic therapy must be used. Persistent adrenarche syndrome (adrenal SAHA) and alopecia of adrenal hiperandrogenism must be treated with adrenal suppression and antiandrogens. Adrenal suppression is achieved with glucocorticosteroids such as dexametasona, prednisone ordeflazacort. Antiandrogen therapy includes cyproterone acetate, drospirenone, spironolactone, flutamide and finasteride. Excess release of ovarian androgens (ovarian SAHA) and alopecia of ovarian hiperandrogenism must be treated with ovarian suppression and antiandrogens. Ovarian suppression includes the use of contraceptives containing an estrogen, ethinyl estradiol, and a progestogen. Antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate, always accompanied by tricyclic contraceptives, are the best antiandrogen to use in FPHL. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists such as leuprolide acetate suppress pituitary and gonadal function through a reduction in LH andFSH levels. Subsequently, ovarian steroids levels will also be reduced, especially in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. SAHA with hyperprolactinemia and alopecia of hyperprolactinemic hiperandrogenism should be treated with bromocriptineor cabergoline. Postmenopausal alopecia, with previous high levels of androgens or with PSA over 0.02 ng/ml improves with 2.5 mg/day of finasteride or 0,25 mg/day of Dutasteride. Although we do not know the reason, postmenopausal alopecia in normoandrogenic women also improves, probably in relation with the doses of 2.5 mg day that received...